{
    "tag": 12032,
    "title": "Digital seafloor character data of the Gulf of Alaska from historical National Ocean Service (NOS) smooth sheets",
    "pubdate": "2016",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "doi:10.5066\/F7CV4FT9",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/pcmsc\/DataReleases\/ScienceBase\/DR_F7CV4FT9\/GulfofAlaskaDigitizationProject_NOSSeafloorCharacter_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "This data release provides seafloor-characteristics point data across the Gulf of Alaska, as digitized directly from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS) smooth sheets published from 1892 to 2001, and archived at the National Geophysics Data Center (NGDC). Geo-rectification and digitization methods were adapted from Zimmermann and Benson (2013). Each location includes information for the smooth sheet number (H#####), a unique site number location, latitude, longitude, collection date, seafloor notation, and the translation of the notation. Unique site numbers were assigned randomly to each notation on a smooth sheet, starting at \u201c_0\u201d.  Examples of seafloor notations include: rk (= rock); bu C (= blue clay); hrd (= hard); fne S (= fine sand); Co (= coral) or similar codes; the full code key is given in the Department of Commerce and Department of Defense Chart 1 (2013). In some cases, a diagrammatic indication of the seafloor character is used on the smooth sheet, such as a \u201c*\u201d. During digitization, the corresponding value given in \u201cChart 1\u201d is assigned to the location; in this case, \u201c*\u201d denotes \u201crk\u201d or \u201crock\u201d.         Distribution of NOS seafloor-characteristics data across the Gulf of Alaska varies widely: nearer the shoreline, data are more densely distributed; on the mid and outer continental shelf, data are more sparsely spaced.         The cited locations of the points were adjusted as necessary in GIS to match the location on the geo-rectified smooth sheet in GIS as projected in North American Datum of 1983.         NOAA has published the companion regional bathymetric data and its derivatives and sediment characteristics data for Cook Inlet and areas of the Aleutian Islands at http:\/\/www.afsc.noaa.gov\/RACE\/groundfish\/bathymetry\/. The project was funded through the USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program, NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, and Alaska Fisheries Science Center Interagency Agreement AKC-119 (May 2012).          References:         Zimmermann, M., and Benson, J., 2013, Smooth sheets: How to work with them in a GIS to derive bathymetry, features and substrates: U.S.  Department of Commerce, NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-AFSC-249, 52 p., available at http:\/\/www.afsc.noaa.gov\/Publications\/AFSC-TM\/NOAA-TM-AFSC-249.pdf.         Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Department of Defense, National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency, 2013, U.S. Chart No. 1: Symbols, abbreviations and terms used on paper and electronic navigational charts, 12th edition, 132 p., available at http:\/\/www.nauticalcharts.noaa.gov\/mcd\/chartno1.htm.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Golden, Nadine E.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Reid, Jane A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Zimmermann, Mark",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Lowe, Erik N.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Hansen, Amalia S.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "319",
            "name": "ecosystems",
            "scope": "The interacting populations of plants, animals, and  microorganisms occupying a certain area, and their relationship to the environment."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "493",
            "name": "grain-size analysis",
            "scope": "Method of studying soils, sediments, sands, or rock by determining the size, distribution, and proportion of selected particles."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "978",
            "name": "relative abundance analysis",
            "scope": "Determination of the percentage of individuals of one group in comparison to the total of all individuals in a given area."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "23",
            "name": "Substrate",
            "scope": "Represents the character and composition of the surface and near surface of the sea floor in subtidal or intertidal areas, as defined in the Substrate Component of CMECS or in similar classification systems. Distributions are records of substrate characteristics based on visual or photographic inspection or on analysis of samples and cores, and they also include interpretive maps classifying areas on the basis of combinations of observations, hydrodynamic models, or geological models. Assessments include evaluations of present ecological or economic values of substrate distributions, drivers of substrate change, and functions of substrates. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future substrate distributions, values, or ecological impacts, including predicted substrate changes due to natural and human forces including erosion, accretion, sea-level change, extraction, trawling, or other factors; and they are the results of scenario-based models of substrate changes on ecological or economic values under different management strategies or other human alterations."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "660",
            "name": "fisheries biology",
            "scope": "biological studies applied to the management of fisheries resources."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [
        {
            "name": "https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/5eea53fd82ce3bd58d855794?name=GADP_NOSSeafloorCharacter.jpg&allowOpen=true",
            "description": "Map of sample points used to create seafloor character map"
        }
    ],
    "fan": []
}