{
    "tag": 16987,
    "title": "Testing Treatments Against Parasitic Scuticociliate (Philaster apodigitiformis) that Causes Mass Mortality Among Sea Urchins (Diadema antillarum) - Results",
    "pubdate": "20240327",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": null,
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/spcmsc\/Scuticociliate_Treatment_FGDC_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "The information contained in this data release are the results observed and collected during an experiment that tested the efficacy of nine compounds (2\u20194\u2019 dihydroxychalcone, bithionol sulfoxide, carnidazole, furaltadone, plumbagin, oxyclozanide, quinacrine, tomatine, and toltrazuril), previously found to be effective against the parasitic ciliate family Philasteridae (Iglesias and others, 2002; Sueiro and others, 2022). One commercially available product (Kordon Ich Attack) was also tested, however was omitted from these data as it was not effective at the highest dosage trialed (100 microliters [\u00b5L] of the product in 900 \u00b5L ciliate culture). The efficacy of the compounds was tested by applying each to subcultures of Philaster apodigitiformis (strain FWC2) originally isolated from coelomic fluid of Diadema antillarum specimen collected from a reef in Key Largo, Florida (FL) on June 15th, 2022 (Hewson, and others, 2023). The compounds were tested at the U.S. Geological Survey St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center (USGS SPCMSC), Coral Microbial Ecology Laboratory in St. Petersburg, FL, USA between November 2022 and August 2023. Prior to treatment, the compounds were dissolved in either dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or sterile deionized water (DI) to create 20 millimolar (mM) stocks, and further diluted in sterile artificial seawater (ASW) to generate 1 mM working stocks. These working stocks were then used to create final testing concentrations of 100 micromolar (\u00b5M), 50 \u00b5M, 25 \u00b5M, 12.5 \u00b5M, 6.25 \u00b5M, and 3.13 \u00b5M for each run of the experiment. Controls included 1000 \u00b5L of unamended culture and 900 \u00b5L culture plus either: 100 \u00b5L ASW, 100 \u00b5L DMSO diluted in ASW to the highest concentration used in the drug trials (i.e., 10 \u00b5L DMSO in 190 \u00b5L ASW), or 100 \u00b5L DI water diluted in ASW to the highest concentration used in the drug trials (i.e., 10 \u00b5L DI in 190 \u00b5L ASW). Compounds identified to be effective within 24 hours were then trialed for 15-minute exposure periods. Each potentially effective compound was tested at its highest dosage (100 \u00b5M) by mixing 90 \u00b5L of scuticociliate culture and 10 \u00b5L of 1 mM stock solution on a Sedgwick Rafter chamber and observing the mixture continuously for 15 minutes using a Meiji Techno EMZ-13 microscope. Each successful treatment was then trialed again for 15 minutes at 50% the previous concentration. During this experiment, only quinacrine and tomatine showed potential for further testing.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Evans, James S.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Kellogg, Christina A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Voelschow, Julie J.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "305",
            "name": "echinoderms",
            "scope": "Marine invertebrates of the phylum Echinodermata with a radial body and a calcareous exoskeleton. Includes starfishes, brittle stars, sea lilies, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "619",
            "name": "laboratory methods",
            "scope": "Techniques to analyze and test samples in a place equipped and designed for the work."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "702",
            "name": "marine biology",
            "scope": "Branch of biology concerned with the organisms and habitats of the seas and oceans."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "735",
            "name": "microbiology",
            "scope": "Branch of biology dealing with organisms too small to be seen without the use of a microscope."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "971",
            "name": "reef ecosystems",
            "scope": "Biological communities formed by the skeletons of calcareous seawater organisms, usually corals."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "002",
            "name": "biota",
            "scope": "Flora or fauna in natural environment, for example wildlife, vegetation, biological sciences, ecology, wilderness, sea life, wetlands, habitat, biological resources"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": []
}