{
    "tag": 12494,
    "title": "CoSMoS Southern California v3.0 Phase 2 projections of coastal cliff retreat due to 21st century sea-level rise",
    "pubdate": "2017",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "DOI:10.5066\/F7T151Q4",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/pcmsc\/DataReleases\/ScienceBase\/DR_F7T151Q4\/CoSMoS_v3_Phase2_coastal_cliff_retreat_projections_metadata.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "This dataset contains projections of coastal cliff-retreat rates and positions for future scenarios of sea-level rise (SLR). Present-day cliff-edge positions used as the baseline for projections are also included. Projections were made using numerical and statistical models based on field observations such as historical cliff retreat rate, nearshore slope, coastal cliff height, and mean annual wave power, as part of Coastal Storm Modeling System (CoSMoS) v.3.0 Phase 2 in Southern California. Details: Cliff-retreat position projections and associated uncertainties are for scenarios of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, and 5 meters of SLR. Projections were made at CoSMoS cross-shore transects (CST) spaced 100 m alongshore using a baseline sea-cliff edge from 2010 (included in the dataset). Within each zip file, there are two separate datasets available: one that ignores coastal armoring, such as seawalls and revetments, and allows the cliff to retreat unimpeded (\u201cDo Not Hold the Line\u201d); and another that assumes that current coastal armoring will be maintained and 100% effective at stopping future cliff erosion (\"Hold the Line\").  Eight numerical models synthesized from literature (Trenhaile, 2000; Walkden and Hall, 2005; Trenhaile, 2009; Trenhaile, 2011; Ruggiero and others, 2011; Hackney and others, 2013) were used to make projections. All models relate breaking-wave height and period to cliff rock or unconsolidated sediment erosion. Models range in complexity from 2-D models in which the entire profile evolves, from below water to the cliff edge, to simple 1-D empirical or statistical models in which only the cliff edge evolves as a function of wave impact intensity and frequency. The projections are a robust average of all models, and the uncertainties are proportional to 1) underlying uncertainties in the model input data, such as historical cliff retreat rates, and 2) the differences between individual model forecasts at each CST so that uncertainty is larger when the models do not agree. As sea level rises, waves break closer to the sea cliff, more wave energy impacts the cliffs, cliff erosion rates accelerate. Model behavior also includes wave run-up (Stockdon and others, 2006), wave set-up that raises the water level during big-wave events, and tidal levels. The more complex 2-D models were run on idealized cliff profiles extending from about 10 m water depth to 1 kilometer inland from the cliff edge. Profiles were extracted by overlaying the cross-shore transects on a high-resolution digital elevation model (DEM) covering the Southern California study area. For all models, the presence of a beach was recorded (yes or no) for all transects using aerial photography, and the cliff toe elevation (or beach\/cliff junction) was digitized from the DEM profiles. Using historic cliff edge retreat rates by Hapke and Reid (2007), unknown coefficients within the cliff-profile models were calibrated using a Monte Carlo simulation (in other words, coefficients were tuned until the modeled mean retreat rate equaled the observed mean retreat rate for a given transect).  Uncertainty was tallied using a root mean squared error (RMSE) approach. The RMSE represents cumulative uncertainty from multiple sources and assumes that different sources of error will, at times, cancel each other out. It is therefore not a 'worst-case uncertainty' (in other words, a straight sum of errors) but instead an average uncertainty. Total RMSE increased with SLR rate and varied between +\/- 2-3 m to a maximum of +\/-  50 m for the extreme 5 m SLR scenario.   For more information on model details, data sources, and integration with other parts of the CoSMoS framework, see CoSMoS_3.0_Phase_2_Southern_California_Bight:_Summary_of_data_and_methods (available at https:\/\/www.sciencebase.gov\/catalog\/file\/get\/57f1d4f3e4b0bc0bebfee139?name=CoSMoS_SoCalv3_Phase2_summary_of_methods.pdf).",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Limber, Patrick W.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Barnard, Patrick",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Erikson, Li H.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Foxgrover, Amy C.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "O'Neill, Andrea C.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Vitousek, Sean F.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "168",
            "name": "climate change",
            "scope": "Long-term alteration in the characteristic weather conditions of a region, such as changes in precipitation and temperature."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1028",
            "name": "sea-level change",
            "scope": "Variation in the relative vertical position of land and ocean waters. Caused globally by changes in the distribution of ice masses and the shape of the oceans, and locally by the rate of uplift or subsidence of the land surface.  Includes both global (eustatic) and local (relative) sea-level variations."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1102",
            "name": "storms",
            "scope": "Atmospheric disturbances with winds of unusual force or direction. Accompanied by rain, snow, hail, or sleet, and often by thunder and lightning."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "004",
            "name": "climatologyMeteorologyAtmosphere",
            "scope": "Processes and phenomena of the atmosphere, for example cloud cover, weather, climate, atmospheric conditions, climate change, precipitation"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "336",
            "name": "coastal erosion",
            "scope": "the erosion of the area adjacent to an ocean, sea, or lake, often resulting in shoreline changes."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "275",
            "name": "sea level change",
            "scope": "changes in sea level controlled by fluctuations in the volume of the polar ice caps; associated issues include the effects on coastlines and shallow benthic habitats."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "28",
            "name": "waves",
            "scope": "used for waves acting as agents of erosion and sediment transport in coastal and nearshore environments."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": []
}