{
    "tag": 19371,
    "title": "Benthic habitat map of the geomorphological structure, biological cover, and geologic zonation of Olowalu reef, Maui",
    "pubdate": "20250410",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "DOI:10.5066\/P9ICJ7CF",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/pcmsc\/DataReleases\/ScienceBase\/DR_P9ICJ7CF\/Olowalu_Bhabs.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "This shapefile contains habitat polygons identifying the dominant and major geomorphological structure, biological type and percent cover, and geologic zone for 11 square kilometers of Olowalu reef off west-central Maui at a minimum mapping unit of 100 square meters. Habitats were mapped with heads-up digitization using the NOAA Habitat Digitizer Extension in ArcMap (Esri, v.10.8.2). Seafloor characteristics were based on visual interpretation of 3-band (red, green, blue) 0.5m satellite orthoimagery, 1-m-resolution acoustic backscatter imagery, lidar-derived digital bathymetric models (DBM) at 1-, 4-, and 8-m resolutions, and various surface morphometric layers derived from the three DBMs (relative position, aspect, rugosity, slope). Ground reference (n=870) and accuracy assessment (n=216) images of the seafloor were extracted from live video taken by a vessel-towed camera sled surveying shore-normal transects in waters 10-40 m depth. These data accompany the following report: Heberer, L.N., Alkins, K.C., Storlazzi, C.D., Cochran, S.A., Gibbs, A.E., Sparks, R., Stone, C., Silva, I., Martinez, T., Peralto, C., Levine, A., Stow, D., and Maloney, J., 2025, Benthic habitat map of Olowalu Reef, Maui, Hawaii: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2025\u20131010, 32 p., https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3133\/ofr20251010.",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "Heberer, Liana N.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Alkins, Kristen",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Storlazzi, Curt D.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Cochran, Susan A.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Gibbs, Ann E.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Sparks, Russell",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Silva, Itana",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Stone, Kristy",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Martinez, Tatiana",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Peralto, Cole",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "85",
            "name": "benthic ecosystems",
            "scope": "Biologic communities and habitats at the bottom of lakes, streams, or oceans."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "468",
            "name": "geomorphology",
            "scope": "Branch of geology dealing with surface land features and the processes that create and change them."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "525",
            "name": "habitats",
            "scope": "Parts of the physical environment where plants and animals live. Use in combination with terms from organisms and organism groupings (non-taxonomic) to indicate the topic of a species or group of species habitat."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "971",
            "name": "reef ecosystems",
            "scope": "Biological communities formed by the skeletons of calcareous seawater organisms, usually corals."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "981",
            "name": "remote sensing",
            "scope": "Acquiring information about a natural feature or phenomenon, such as the Earth's surface, without actually being in contact with it. USGS remote sensing is usually carried out with airborne or spaceborne sensors or cameras."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "002",
            "name": "biota",
            "scope": "Flora or fauna in natural environment, for example wildlife, vegetation, biological sciences, ecology, wilderness, sea life, wetlands, habitat, biological resources"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "003",
            "name": "boundaries",
            "scope": "Legal land descriptions, for example political and administrative boundaries, governmental units, marine boundaries, voting districts, school districts, international boundaries"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "007",
            "name": "environment",
            "scope": "Environmental resources, protection and conservation, for example environmental pollution, waste storage and treatment, environmental impact assessment, monitoring environmental risk, nature reserves, landscape, water quality, air quality, environmental modeling"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "27",
            "name": "Habitat",
            "scope": "Habitat includes data that describe repeatable combinations of biota and associated chemical, physical, or geological features in a distinct place, which, as in the CMECS Biotic Component, generally are named for the dominant taxa living there. Habitat also includes biotopes in accordance with CMECS. Examples include seagrass beds, deep-water corals, benthos, nekton, plankton, mussel beds. Distributions for Habitat data subject types include records of biotic associations, habitats, or biotopes obtained through direct observation, imagery, collection, or other methods; Distributions also include biotope maps, predicted maps of present-day habitats (for example, the Northwest Atlantic Marine Ecoregional Assessment, Mapping European Seabed Habitats), and other compilations or interpretations from observed data. Assessments include ecological valuation indices, presence, quantity (hectares), or percentage of identified high-value habitats; other purpose-driven, regionally-specific indicators of ecological value; classifications of areas as critical habitat; ecological services models; evaluations of habitat condition; and place-based indices of susceptibility and vulnerability to disturbance. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or impacts; anticipated changes produced by natural and human processes; future projections of cumulative impacts of single or multiple stressors; and scenario-testing habitat loss\/gain models and predictions of related ecological or economic effects under different management strategies."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "21",
            "name": "Physical Habitats and Geomorphology",
            "scope": "Includes measures of the geologic and structural characteristics of the coast or sea floor, such as the features defined in the Geoform Component of CMECS. Distributions are detailed topographic and bathymetric maps, geolocated photographs, or sea-floor descriptions; Distributions includes maps that interpret observations to categorize areas on the basis of geoform types such as those in CMECS. Assessment types include evaluations of ecological or human use value and can include models that project environmental or economic effects of erosion, climate change, dredging, and other stressors. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future distributions, values, or ecological impacts of physical habitats, including predicted changes due to natural and human forces; they are also from scenario-based models of resource losses, gains, or impacts on ecological or economic values under different management strategies (for example, mining, removal, relocation, or the building of structures)."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 23,
            "code": "23",
            "name": "Substrate",
            "scope": "Represents the character and composition of the surface and near surface of the sea floor in subtidal or intertidal areas, as defined in the Substrate Component of CMECS or in similar classification systems. Distributions are records of substrate characteristics based on visual or photographic inspection or on analysis of samples and cores, and they also include interpretive maps classifying areas on the basis of combinations of observations, hydrodynamic models, or geological models. Assessments include evaluations of present ecological or economic values of substrate distributions, drivers of substrate change, and functions of substrates. Predictions are the results of models or projections of future substrate distributions, values, or ecological impacts, including predicted substrate changes due to natural and human forces including erosion, accretion, sea-level change, extraction, trawling, or other factors; and they are the results of scenario-based models of substrate changes on ecological or economic values under different management strategies or other human alterations."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "232",
            "name": "coral reef communities",
            "scope": "used for communities of organisms characteristic of coral reef habitats."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 61,
            "code": "707",
            "name": "geographic information systems (GIS)",
            "scope": "geographic subdiscipline that employs computer systems to manage, analyze, and display spatial information."
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": [
        "A0113HW",
        "A0211MU"
    ]
}