{
    "tag": 16032,
    "title": "Point Shapefile of Locations of Ferromanganese Crusts in the World Ocean Compiled by the USGS in Open-File Report 89-020 (ussamp_sta_ofr89-020.shp: excludes NGDC Sample Locations)",
    "pubdate": "2014",
    "sername": null,
    "series_name": null,
    "issue": "89-020",
    "publish": null,
    "publisher_name": null,
    "onlink": "https:\/\/cmgds.marine.usgs.gov\/catalog\/whcmsc\/open_file_report\/ofr1989-0020\/ussamp_sta_ofr89-020meta.faq.html",
    "format": null,
    "email": null,
    "descript": "Ferromanganese crusts in the world's oceans may serve as potential sources of metals, such as cobalt and magnesium, valuable to civilian and military industry; these are metals that the United States would otherwise be dependent on foreign sources.  Unlike abyssal ferromanganese nodules, which form in areas of low disturbance and high sediment accumulation, ferromanganese crusts have been found to contain three to five times more cobalt than abyssal ferromanganese nodules and can be found on harder, steeper substrates than abyssal plains, which can be too steep for permanent sediment accumulation.  Ferromanganese crusts have also been documented on seamounts and plateaus within the U.S. exclusive economic zone in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and are therefore of strategic importance to the United States Government as well as to civilian mining and metallurgical industries. A database containing ferromanganese crust occurrences throughout the world's oceans was assembled from published and unpublished sources to provide data gathering and analytical information for these samples. These data provide the digital formatted locations of the sample locations of the U.S. Geological Survey and Scripps Institution Nodule Data Bank (SNDB) from appendixes A and B. These locations from 1986 and earlier are also represented on the maps of Lane and others (1986). > Lane, C.M., Manheim, F.T., Hathaway, J.C., and Ling, T.H., 1986, Station maps of the world ocean-ferromanganese-rust database: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Field Studies Map, 1869, http:\/\/pubs.usgs.gov\/mf\/1986\/1869\/",
    "lang": null,
    "journal": null,
    "pwid": null,
    "originator": [
        {
            "name": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Manheim, Frank T.",
            "role": "Author"
        },
        {
            "name": "Bostwick, Candice M.",
            "role": "Author"
        }
    ],
    "index_term": [
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "379",
            "name": "field sampling",
            "scope": "Collecting pieces or specimens or making measurements or observations at determined intervals or areas.  Results may be used as representative of the whole research area or population."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "437",
            "name": "geochemistry",
            "scope": "Study of the distribution of chemical elements and natural compounds on the earth and in the atmosphere and the chemical processes that affect the earth."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "474",
            "name": "geospatial datasets",
            "scope": "Collections of related digital information that are geographically referenced."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "745",
            "name": "mineral resources",
            "scope": "Natural occurrences of useful inorganic elements or compounds."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1025",
            "name": "sea-floor characteristics",
            "scope": "Geomorphic features and geographic, compositional, and textural variation in the materials composing the ocean floor. Includes both large-scale structures (such as seamounts and rises) and fine-scale variations in rocks and deposits on the sea floor."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 2,
            "code": "1035",
            "name": "sedimentary rocks",
            "scope": "Rocks formed by the consolidation of loose, uncemented pieces of sediments."
        },
        {
            "thcode": 3,
            "code": "686",
            "name": "mineral deposit areas",
            "scope": "Areas where masses of naturally occurring mineral material are found, e.g. metal ores or nonmetallic minerals. [Adapted from Glossary of Geology, 4th ed.]"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "008",
            "name": "geoscientificInformation",
            "scope": "Information pertaining to earth sciences, for example geophysical features and processes, geology, minerals, sciences dealing with the composition, structure and origin of the earth's rocks, risks of earthquakes, volcanic activity, landslides, gravity information, soils, permafrost, hydrogeology, groundwater, erosion"
        },
        {
            "thcode": 15,
            "code": "014",
            "name": "oceans",
            "scope": "Features and characteristics of salt water bodies (excluding inland waters), for example tides, tidal waves, coastal information, reefs, maritime, outer continental shelf submerged lands, shoreline"
        }
    ],
    "place_term": [],
    "image": [],
    "fan": []
}